Class: Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
VA Class: MS200
Chemical Name: 2,2′- [1,5-Pentanediylbis [oxy(3-oxo-3,1-propanediyl)]]bis[1-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl] -1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methylisoquinolinium] dibenzenesulfonate
Molecular Formula: C65H82N2O18S2
CAS Number: 64228-81-5
Brands: Tracrium
Introduction
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.1
Uses for Atracurium Besylate
Skeletal Muscle Relaxation
Production of skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery after general anesthesia has been induced.1 2
Facilitation of endotracheal intubation;1 2 however, succinylcholine generally is preferred in emergency situations where rapid intubation is required.17 58 80 83 84 86 91 94 A single dose should not be used in place of succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction of anesthesia (“crash intubation”).2
Treatment to increase pulmonary compliance during assisted or controlled respiration after general anesthesia has been induced.1 2
Has been used for facilitation of mechanical ventilation in intensive care settings.1 133 134 135 167
Atracurium Besylate Dosage and Administration
General
Adjust dosage carefully according to individual requirements and response.1
Assess neuromuscular blockade and recovery in patients undergoing anesthesia; a peripheral nerve stimulator is recommended to accurately monitor the degree of muscle relaxation and to minimize the possibility of overdosage.1
To avoid patient distress, administer only after unconsciousness has been induced.1
Facilitation of Endotracheal Intubation
Maintenance of Neuromuscular Blockade
Repeated administration of maintenance doses does not have a cumulative effect on duration of neuromuscular blockade,1 2 9 24 42 43 provided recovery from blockade is allowed to begin prior to administering maintenance doses.1
Rate of spontaneous recovery from neuromuscular blockade following discontinuance of maintenance infusion usually is comparable to that following administration of a single IV injection.1 (See Onset and also Duration under Pharmacokinetics.)
Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade
To reverse neuromuscular blockade, administer a cholinesterase inhibitor (e.g., neostigmine, pyridostigmine, edrophonium), usually in conjunction with an antimuscarinic (e.g., atropine, glycopyrrolate) to block adverse muscarinic effects of the cholinesterase inhibitor.1 9 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 26
Under balanced anesthesia, reversal generally can be attempted about 20–35 minutes after the initial dose or 10–30 minutes after the last maintenance dose, when recovery of muscle twitch has started.1
Complete reversal generally is achieved within 8–10 minutes after administration of the cholinesterase inhibitor and antimuscarinic.1
Administration
Administer IV only; do not administer IM.1 2
IV Administration
For solution and drug compatibility information, see Compatibility under Stability.
Administer initial (intubating) dose by rapid IV injection;1 2 HID administer maintenance dosage for prolonged surgical procedures by intermittent IV injection1 2 or continuous IV infusion.1 3 57 60 90 118 119
Consult specialized references for specific procedures and techniques of administration.
Do not mix in the same syringe or administer through the same needle as an alkaline solution.1
Dilution
For continuous IV infusion, dilute atracurium besylate injection to the desired concentration (usually 0.2 or 0.5 mg/mL) in 5% dextrose, 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride, or 0.9% sodium chloride injection.1 Use within 24 hours.1
Dosage
Available as atracuium besylate; dosage expressed in terms of the salt.1
Pediatric Patients
Skeletal Muscle Relaxation
Initial (Intubating) Dosage
IV
Infants and children 1 month to 2 years of age: 0.3–0.4 mg/kg when used concomitantly with halothane anesthesia.1 132 169 170 171 (See Onset and also Duration under Pharmacokinetics.)
Children >2 years of age should receive dosages recommended for adults.1 (See Adults under Dosage and Administration.)
Insufficient data for recommendation of a specific initial dose of atracurium besylate in infants and children following administration of succinylcholine.132
Maintenance Dosage
Intermittent IV Injection
Infants and children may require more frequent doses than adults.1 2 132
Children >2 years of age should receive doses recommended for adults.1 (See Adults under Dosage and Administration.)
Continuous IV Infusion
Not recommended in children <2 years of age.1 169 170 171
Children >2 years of age should receive dosages recommended for adults.1 (See Adults under Dosage and Administration.)
Adults
Skeletal Muscle Relaxation
Initial (Intubating) Dosage
IV
0.4–0.5 mg/kg.1 2 (See Onset and also Duration under Pharmacokinetics.)
Reduce initial dosage by about 33% (i.e., to 0.25–0.35 mg/kg) if steady-state anesthesia has been induced with enflurane or isoflurane.1 2 37 169 170 171 (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.)
Consider reducing initial dosage by about 20% if steady-state anesthesia has been induced with halothane.1 2 86 (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.)
If administering following succinylcholine, reduce dosage to 0.3–0.4 mg/kg.1 2 86 Reduce dosage further (e.g., to 0.2–0.3 mg/kg) when inhalation anesthetics are also administered concomitantly.1 2 86 (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.)
Maintenance Dosage
Intermittent IV Injection
0.08–0.1 mg/kg, administered as necessary.1 2 (See Onset and also Duration under Pharmacokinetics.)
Administer first maintenance dose generally 20–45 minutes after the initial dose in patients undergoing balanced anesthesia.1 2
Administer repeat maintenance doses at relatively regular intervals (i.e., from 15–25 minutes in patients undergoing balanced anesthesia).1 2 Administration at longer intervals may be possible if higher maintenance doses (i.e., up to 0.2 mg/kg) are used or if used with enflurane or isoflurane.1 2
Continuous IV Infusion
Initially, 9–10 mcg/kg per minute may be necessary to rapidly counteract spontaneous recovery from neuromuscular blockade.1 3 57 118 5–9 mcg/kg per minute generally maintains 89–99% neuromuscular blockade in patients receiving balanced anesthesia; however, adequate blockade may occur with infusion rates of 2–15 mcg/kg per minute.1
Initiate continuous IV infusion only after early spontaneous recovery from IV dose is evident.1
Reduce infusion rate by about 33% if steady-state anesthesia has been induced with enflurane or isoflurane.1 (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.)
Consider a smaller reduction in the infusion rate if steady-state anesthesia has been induced with halothane.1 (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.)
Special Populations
Renal Impairment
Dosage adjustments not required.1 2 169 170 171
Burn Patients
Substantially increased doses may be required due to development of resistance.1 143 144 145 146 147 (See Burn Patients under Cautions.)
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Patients with Induced Hypothermia
Infusion rate required to maintain adequate surgical relaxation during hypothermia (i.e., 25–28°C) is approximately 50% of the infusion rate necessary in normothermic patients.1 57 79
Intensive Care Settings
Average infusion rates of 11–13 mcg/kg per minute (range: 4.5–29.5 mcg/kg per minute) have been used in adults; infusion rates may be higher in pediatric patients.1 Dosage requirements may increase or decrease with time.168 (See Intensive Care Settings under Cautions.)
Patients with Myasthenia Gravis
Administer at low initial doses and with careful monitoring in well-controlled patients whose usual therapy is continued up to the time of surgery.114 115 116 130
Patients with Cardiovascular Disease
Initial dose of 0.3–0.4 mg/kg administered slowly or in fractional doses over 1 minute.1 2 132 169 170 171 (See Cardiovascular Effects under Cautions.)
Other Populations
Patients with an increased risk of histamine release (e.g., history of severe anaphylactoid reactions or asthma): Initial dose of 0.3–0.4 mg/kg administered slowly or in fractional doses over 1 minute.1 2 132 169 170 171
Patients in whom potentiation of neuromuscular blockade or difficulties with reversal of blockade may occur (e.g., neuromuscular disease, severe electrolyte disturbances, carcinomatosis): Consider dosage reduction.1 2 However, no clinical experience to date in these patients, and no specific doses are recommended.1 2 (See Neuromuscular Disease and also Electrolyte Disturbances under Cautions.)
Cautions for Atracurium Besylate
Contraindications
Warnings/Precautions
Warnings
Respiratory Effects
Potential for severely compromised respiratory function and respiratory paralysis.80 81 82 83 86
Should be used only by individuals experienced in the use of neuromuscular blocking agents and in the maintenance of an adequate airway and respiratory support.1 Facilities and personnel necessary for intubation, administration of oxygen, and assisted or controlled respiration should be immediately available.1
IV cholinesterase inhibitor (e.g., neostigmine, pyridostigmine, edrophonium) should be readily available.1 80 89 (See Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade under Dosage and Administration.)
Use with caution in patients with pulmonary impairment or respiratory depression.b
Sensitivity Reactions
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions, reported.1
Use with caution and at lower initial doses in patients with a history of severe anaphylactoid reactions.1 2
General Precautions
Neuromuscular Disease
Possible exaggerated neuromuscular blockade in patients with neuromuscular disease (e.g., myasthenia gravis, Eaton-Lambert syndrome).1 2 114 115 116
Monitor degree of neuromuscular blockade with a peripheral nerve stimulator; consider dosage reduction.1 2 114 115 116
Burn Patients
Resistance to therapy1 143 144 145 147 148 can develop in burn patients, particularly those with burns over 25–30% or more of body surface area.143 144 145 146 147 148 149
Resistance generally becomes apparent ≥1 week after the burn,143 144 145 146 147 148 149 peaks ≥2 weeks after the burn,144 145 146 148 persists for several months or longer,144 146 and decreases gradually with healing.143 144 146 148
Consider possible need for substantially increased doses.1 143 144 145 146 147 (See Distribution: Special Populations, under Pharmacokinetics.)
Histamine Release
Possible substantial histamine release.1 2
Use with caution and at lower initial doses in patients in whom substantial histamine release would be particularly hazardous (e.g., those with clinically important cardiovascular disease) and in patients with any history suggesting a greater risk of histamine release (e.g., history of severe anaphylactoid reactions or asthma).1 2
Safety in patients with asthma not established.1
Cardiovascular Effects
Exhibits minimal effects on heart rate;4 9 12 13 14 31 36 41 67 therefore, will not counteract the bradycardia induced by many anesthetic agents or by vagal stimulation.1 2
Use with caution and at lower initial doses in patients with clinically important cardiovascular disease because of potential for substantial histamine release.1 2
Intensive Care Setting
Possible prolonged paralysis and/or muscle weakness or atrophy.b
Continuous monitoring of neuromuscular transmission recommended during neuromuscular blocking agent therapy in intensive care setting.168 Do not administer additional doses before there is a definite response to nerve stimulation tests.168 If no response is elicited, discontinue administration until a response returns.168
Seizures reported rarely in patients with predisposing factors (e.g., head trauma, cerebral edema, hypoxic encephalopathy, viral encephalitis, uremia) receiving continuous IV infusions for facilitation of mechanical ventilation in intensive care settings.168
Electrolyte Disturbances
Monitor the degree of neuromuscular blockade with a peripheral nerve stimulator and consider dosage reduction in patients with severe electrolyte disturbances (i.e., hypermagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia).1 2 86
Malignant Hyperthermia
Malignant hyperthermia is rarely associated with use of neuromuscular blocking agents and/or potent inhalation anesthetics.1 137 139 141 b Be vigilant for its possible development and prepared for its management in any patient undergoing general anesthesia.1 141
Carcinomatosis
Monitor the degree of neuromuscular blockade with a peripheral nerve stimulator and consider dosage reduction.1 2 86
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category C.1
Lactation
Not known whether atracurium is distributed into milk.1 Caution advised if used in nursing women.1
Pediatric Use
Safety and efficacy not established in children <1 month of age.132
Large amounts of benzyl alcohol (i.e., 100–400 mg/kg daily) have been associated with toxicity in neonates;1 161 162 163 164 165 166 each mL of atracurium besylate injection in multiple-dose vials contains 9 mg of benzyl alcohol.1
Geriatric Use
Use with caution.b However, no substantial differences in safety, efficacy, or dosage requirements relative to younger adults.1
Hepatic Impairment
Use with caution.b
Renal Impairment
Use with caution.b
Common Adverse Effects
Skin flush.1
Interactions for Atracurium Besylate
Specific Drugs
Drug
|
Interaction
|
Comments
|
|---|
Anesthetics, general (enflurane, halothane, isoflurane)
|
Increased potency and prolonged duration of neuromuscular blockade1 10 24 31 35
|
Reduced atracurium dosage recommended1 (See Dosage under Dosage and Administration)
|
Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenytoin)
|
Decreased duration and/or degree of neuromuscular blockadeb
|
Close monitoring recommended; adjust atracurium dose accordinglyb
|
Anti-infectives (aminoglycosides, bacitracin, clindamycin, lincomycin, polymyxins, tetracyclines)
|
Possible increased neuromuscular blockade1 b
|
|
Lithium
|
Possible increased neuromuscular blockade1
|
|
Magnesium salts
|
Possible increased neuromuscular blockade1 b
|
Use with caution1 b
|
Neuromuscular blocking agents, nondepolarizing
|
Possible increased or decreased neuromuscular blockade1 169 170 171
|
|
Procainamide
|
Possible increased neuromuscular blockade1
|
|
Quinidine
|
Possible increased neuromuscular blockade1
|
|
Succinylcholine
|
Variable effects (increased128 129 or decreased117 neuromuscular blockade) reported1
|
Administer atracurium in reduced dosage and only after patient has recovered from succinylcholine-induced neuromuscular blockade1
|
Atracurium Besylate Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Poorly absorbed from the GI tract.b
Onset
Time to maximum neuromuscular blockade decreases as the dose increases.1 22 24 39
Following IV administration of 0.4–0.5 mg/kg, maximum neuromuscular blockade generally occurs within 3–5 minutes1 2 (range: 1.7–10 minutes).5 22 26 27 35 40
Duration
Duration of maximum neuromuscular blockade increases as the dose increases.1 22 24 35 39
Duration of neuromuscular blockade induced by 0.4–0.5 mg/kg under balanced anesthesia is about 20–35 minutes.1 2 17 35 86 Recovery generally is 25 and 95% complete approximately 35–45 and 60–70 minutes, respectively, after the injection.1 86 169 170 171
Regardless of the dose, recovery from the maximum effect of neuromuscular blockade is 95% complete in approximately 30 minutes1 (range: 12–75.7 minutes)2 6 22 24 26 31 39 100 under balanced anesthesia and approximately 40 minutes1 (range: 6–104 minutes)5 6 24 27 34 100 under anesthesia with enflurane, isoflurane, or halothane.
Rate of recovery from neuromuscular blockade is more rapid in children than adults.41 88 92
Alkalosis may enhance recovery.3 54
Special Populations
Hepatic dysfunction does not substantially alter duration of and rate of recovery from neuromuscular blockade.19 40 49 103 104 105 106 131
In patients with renal failure, onset may be slightly delayed;40 103 105 however, renal dysfunction does not substantially alter duration of and rate of recovery from neuromuscular blockade.19 40 49 103 104 105 106 131
In patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery under induced hypothermia, duration of blockade may be prolonged.57 79 97
Distribution
Extent
Distributed into extracellular fluid;2 85 rapidly reaches site of action at motor end-plate of myoneural junction.b
Crosses the placenta in small amounts.1 2 61 107
Plasma Protein Binding
82%.45 46
Special Populations
In burn patients, possible increased protein binding (possibly to α1-acid glycoprotein) with subsequent decreases in the free fraction of circulating drug.143 144 145 147
Elimination
Metabolism
Rapidly metabolized via Hofmann elimination and nonspecific enzymatic ester hydrolysis; the liver does not appear to play a major role.1 9 31
Elimination Route
Excreted principally in urine and also in feces via biliary elimination.1 2 3 9 22 31 54 108 109 160
Half-life
Biphasic; terminal elimination half-life is approximately 20 minutes.1 2 47 48 49 50 104
Stability
Storage
Parenteral
Injection
2–8°C; do not freeze.1 2
Use within 14 days once removed from refrigeration, regardless of whether injection was subsequently rerefrigerated.1
Compatibility
For information on systemic interactions resulting from concomitant use, see Interactions.
Parenteral
Unstable in the presence of acids and bases.2 May be incompatible with alkaline solutions (e.g., barbiturate solutions).1
Solution CompatibilityHID
Compatible for 24 hours at 5 or 25°C;HID use within 24 hours when diluted with dextrose 5% in water or sodium chloride 0.9% injection.1
Compatible
|
|---|
Dextrose 5% in sodium chloride 0.9%
|
Incompatible
|
|---|
Ringer’s injection, lactated
|
Variable
|
|---|
Dextrose 5% in water
|
Sodium chloride 0.9%
|
Drug Compatibility
Admixture CompatibilityHID
Compatible
|
|---|
Bretylium tosylate
|
Cimetidine HCl
|
Ciprofloxacin
|
Dobutamine HCl
|
Dopamine HCl
|
Esmolol HCl
|
Gentamicin sulfate
|
Isoproterenol HCl
|
Lidocaine HCl
|
Morphine sulfate
|
Potassium chloride
|
Procainamide HCl
|
Vancomycin HCl
|
Incompatible
|
|---|
Aminophylline
|
Cefazolin sodium
|
Heparin sodium
|
Quinidine gluconate
|
Ranitidine HCl
|
Sodium nitroprusside
|
Y-Site CompatibilityHID
Compatible
|
|---|
Amiodarone HCl
|
Cefazolin
|
Cefuroxime sodium
|
Cimetidine HCl
|
Co-trimoxazole
|
Dobutamine HCl
|
Dopamine HCl
|
Epinephrine HCl
|
Esmolol HCl
|
Etomidate
|
Fenoldopam mesylate
|
Fentanyl citrate
|
Gentamicin sulfate
|
Heparin sodium
|
Hetastarch in lactated electrolyte injection (Hextend)
|
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate
|
Isoproterenol HCl
|
Lorazepam
|
Midazolam HCl
|
Milrinone lactate
|
Morphine sulfate
|
Nitroglycerin
|
Ranitidine HCl
|
Sodium nitroprusside
|
Vancomycin HCl
|
Incompatible
|
|---|
Diazepam
|
Propofol
|
Thiopental sodium
|
ActionsActions
Produces skeletal muscle relaxation by causing a decreased response to acetylcholine (ACh) at the myoneural (neuromuscular) junction of skeletal muscle.1 b
Exhibits high affinity for ACh receptor sites and competitively blocks access of ACh to motor end-plate of myoneural junction; may affect ACh release.b
Blocks the effects of both the small quantities of ACh that maintain muscle tone and the large quantities of ACh that produce voluntary skeletal muscle contraction; does not alter the resting electrical potential of the motor end-plate or cause muscular contractions.b
Exhibits minimal cardiovascular effects.2 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 20 22 24 25 26 27 28 88 93
Advice to Patients
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1
Importance of informing clinician of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs, as well as any concomitant illnesses (e.g., cardiovascular disease, neuromuscular disease).1
Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information.1 (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name
Atracurium Besylate
Routes
|
Dosage Forms
|
Strengths
|
Brand Names
|
Manufacturer
|
|---|
Parenteral
|
Injection, for IV use
|
10 mg/mL*
|
Atracurium Besylate Injection (preservative-free in single-use vials or with benzyl alcohol 0.9% in multiple-dose vials)
|
Baxter, Bedford, Hospira, Mayne, Sicor
|
|
|
|
Tracrium (preservative-free in single-use vials or with benzyl alcohol 0.9% in multiple-dose vials)
|
Abbott
|
Disclaimer
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions August 2007. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
References
1. Abbott Laboratories. Tracrium (atracurium besylate) injection prescribing information. North Chicago, IL; 2000 Mar.
2. Burroughs Wellcome Co. Tracrium pharmacist product information. Research Triangle Park, NC; 1983 Dec.
3. Collins GE. (Burroughs Wellcome Co, Research Triangle Park, NC): Personal communication; 1984 Mar 22.
4. Lee C, Yang E, Katz RL. Clinical neuromuscular pharmacology of BW 33A. Anesth Analg. 1982; 61:199-200.
5. Goudsouzian NG, Liu LMP, Coté CJ et al. Safety and efficacy of atracurium in adolescents and children anesthetized with halothane. Anesthesiology. 1983; 59:459-62. [IDIS 178106] [PubMed 6688932]
6. Rupp SM, Fahey MR, Miller RD. Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of atracurium during nitrous oxide-fentanyl and nitrous oxide-isoflurane anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55(Suppl 1): 67-70S. [IDIS 172717] [PubMed 6688020]
7. Brandom BW, Woelfel SK, Cook DR et al. Clinical pharmacology of atracurium in infants. Anesthesiology. 1983; 59:A440.
8. Hunt TM, Hughes R, Payne JP. Preliminary studies with atracurium in anaesthetized man. Br J Anaesth. 1980; 52:238-9P.
9. Basta SJ, Ali HH, Savarese JJ et al. Clinical pharmacology of atracurium besylate (BW 33A): a new non-depolarizing muscle relaxant. Anesth Analg. 1982; 61:723-9. [IDIS 157360] [PubMed 6213181]
10. Savarese JJ, Basta SJ, Ali HH et al. Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of BW 33A (atracurium) in patients under halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1982; 57:A262.
11. Basta SJ, Savarese JJ, Ali HH et al. Histamine-releasing potencies of atracurium besylate (BW 33A), metocurine, and d-tubocurarine. Anesthesiology. 1982; 57:A261.
12. Barnes PK, Thomas VJE, Boyd I et al. Comparison of the effects of atracurium and tubocurarine on heart rate and arterial pressure in anaesthetized man. Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55(Suppl 1):91-4S.
13. Basta SJ, Savarese JJ, Ali HH et al. Histamine-releasing potencies of atracurium, dimethyl tubocurarine and tubocurarine. Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55(Suppl 1):105-6S. [IDIS 172726] [PubMed 6338892]
14. Pokar H, Brandt L. Haemodynamic effects of atracurium in patients after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55(Suppl 1):139S. [IDIS 172736] [PubMed 6688010]
15. Hughes R, Payne JP. Clinical assessment of atracurium using the single twitch and tetanic responses of the adductor pollicis muscles. Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55(Suppl 1):47-52S.
16. Baird WLM, Kerr WJ. Reversal of atracurium with edrophonium. Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55(Suppl 1):63-6S.
17. Foldes FF, Nagashima H, Boros M et al. Muscular relaxation with atracurium, vecuronium and duador under balanced anesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55:(Suppl 1):97-103S. [IDIS 172725] [PubMed 6190489]
18. Rowlands DE. Atracurium in clinical anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55(Suppl 1):125-8S. [IDIS 165994] [PubMed 6131682]
19. Hunter JM, Jones RS, Utting JE. Atracurium in renal failure. Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55(Suppl 1):129S. [IDIS 172733] [PubMed 6688007]
20. Philbin DM, Machaj VR, Tomichek RC et al. Haemodynamic effects of bolus injections of atracurium in patients with coronary artery disease. Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55(Suppl 1):131-4S. [IDIS 172734] [PubMed 6131683]
21. Goudsouzian NG, Liu LMP, Gionfriddo M et al. The dose response effect of atracurium in infants. Anesth Analg. 1984; 63:223.
22. Hilgenberg JC. Comparison of the pharmacology of vecuronium and atracurium with that of other currently available muscle relaxants. Anesth Analg. 1983; 62:524-31. [IDIS 170170] [PubMed 6132564]
23. Anon. Atracurium. Lancet. 1983; 1:394-5. [PubMed 6130383]
24. Payne JP, Hughes R. Evaluation of atracurium in anaesthetized man. Br J Anaesth. 1981; 53:45-54. [IDIS 129791] [PubMed 7459185]
25. Fragen RJ, Robertson EN, Booij LHDJ et al. A comparison of vecuronium and atracurium in man. Anesthesiology. 1982; 57:A253.
26. Katz RL, Stirt J, Murray AL et al. Neuromuscular effects of atracurium in man. Anesth Analg. 1982; 61:730-4. [IDIS 157361] [PubMed 6285767]
27. Stirt JA, Murray AL, Katz RL et al. Atracurium during halothane anesthesia in humans. Anesth Analg. 1983; 62:207-10. [IDIS 166904] [PubMed 6687515]
28. Robertson EN, Booij LHDJ, Fragen RJ et al. Clinical comparison of atracurium and vecuronium (ORG NC 45). Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55:125-9. [IDIS 165994] [PubMed 6131682]
29. Rosewarne FA. Vecuronium and atracurium. Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55:1042. [IDIS 176811] [PubMed 6138052]
30. Robertson EN, Booij LHDJ, Crul JF. Vecuronium and atracurium. Br J Anaesth. 1983; 55:1043. [IDIS 176812] [PubMed 6626407]
31. Ali HH, Savarese JJ, Basta SJ et al. Clinical pharmacology of atracurium: a new intermediate acting nondepolarizing relaxant. Semin Anesth. 1982; 1:57-62.
32. Scott RPF, Goat VA. Atracurium: its speed of onset. A comparison with suxamethonium. Br J Anaesth. 1982; 54:909-11. [IDIS 157910] [PubMed 7115602]
33. Brandom BW, Woelfel SK, Cook DR et al. Relative potency of atracurium in children during halothane, isoflurane, or thiopental-fentanyl anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1983; 59:A442.
34. Goudsouzian NG, Liu LMP, Coté CJ et al. Clinical pharmacology of atracurium (BW 33A) in adolescents anesthetized with halothane. Anesthesiology. 1982; 57:A414.
35. Sokoll MD, Gergis SD, Mehta M et al. Safety and efficacy of atracurium (BW 33A) in surgical patients receiving balanced or isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1983; 58:450-5. [IDIS 170743] [PubMed 6340561]
36. Nguyen HD, Nagashima H, Kaplan R et al. Relaxation with BW33A under neurolept and enflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1982; 57:A277.
37. Ramsey FM, White PA, Stullken EH et al. Enflurane potentiation of neuromuscular blockade by atracurium. Anesthesiology. 1982; 57:A255.
38. Cook DR, Rudd GD, Brandom BW. Clinical pharmacology of atracurium (BW33A) in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology. 1982; 57:A415.
39. Hughes R, Hunt TM, Payne JP. Recovery from neuromuscular blockade by atracurium. Br J Anaesth. 1980; 52:634P.
40. Hunter JM, Jones RS, Utting JE. Use of atracuriu
